{"id":160405,"date":"2022-08-03T07:32:42","date_gmt":"2022-08-03T07:32:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/gas-naturale-nord-africa\/"},"modified":"2022-10-03T16:30:09","modified_gmt":"2022-10-03T16:30:09","slug":"north-africa-natural-gas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/north-africa-natural-gas\/","title":{"rendered":"North Africa\u2019s natural gas: No panacea for the EU"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 class=\"entry-title\"><span class=\"font-377884\">North Africa\u2019s natural gas: No panacea for the EU<\/span><\/h1>\n<h3><span class=\"font-377884\"><em>Algeria, Egypt and Israel can increase their gas shipments to energy-desperate Europe, but they can reduce its dependence on supplies from Russia only so much.<\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"toc-only\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"font-377884\" style=\"color: #ff0000;\">In a nutshell<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"font-377884\">North African production of natural gas is on the rise\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"font-377884\">High domestic gas consumption limits the region\u2019s exports<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"font-377884\">To sell more gas to Europe, North Africa needs reforms and investment\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_159984\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-159984\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/gas-naturale-nord-africa\/gas-photo-by-gerd-altmann-on-pixabay\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-159984\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-159985\" src=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Gas-Photo-by-Gerd-Altmann-on-Pixabay-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Fornitura di Gas Photo by Gerd Altmann on Pixabay\" width=\"840\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Gas-Photo-by-Gerd-Altmann-on-Pixabay-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Gas-Photo-by-Gerd-Altmann-on-Pixabay-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Gas-Photo-by-Gerd-Altmann-on-Pixabay-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Gas-Photo-by-Gerd-Altmann-on-Pixabay-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Gas-Photo-by-Gerd-Altmann-on-Pixabay.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-159984\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"font-377884\">Gas Supply Photo by Gerd Altmann on Pixabay<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">North Africa\u2019s role in the natural gas trade should not be underestimated. By starting the sale of liquefied natural gas (LNG), North Africa helped to redefine the way gas is sold, which, until then, was confined to pipelines. The first commercial LNG cargo took off from Algeria\u2019s Arzew plant to the United Kingdom and France in 1964. Today, sales of gas by LNG exceed those by pipelines. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"h-legacy-producers\"><span class=\"font-377884\">Legacy producers<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Back then, Algeria accounted for about 80 percent of Africa\u2019s entire production and remains its largest producer and exporter today. Together with Egypt, Africa\u2019s second-largest gas producer, Algeria accounts for 60 percent of Africa\u2019s total gas production. They also account for 69 percent of the continent\u2019s gas exports, with Europe being their leading destination. No wonder North Africa has been discussed as a potential source of additional gas supplies to alleviate Europe\u2019s exposure to\u00a0disruptions in Russian supplies\u00a0and support the European Union\u2019s quest to end dependence on Russian gas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">However, while the gas resources are available,\u00a0above-ground factors\u00a0have curtailed North Africa\u2019s export potential. Unless\u00a0investor-friendly policies\u00a0are pursued and local demand growth is addressed, a significant increase in Algeria\u2019s export should not be expected in the next few years. Longer-term, the country\u2019s exports may even decrease. Egypt\u2019s outlook may be brighter, especially as it tries to capitalize on supplies from Eastern Mediterranean countries, but it is a relatively small player in Europe. On balance, the European Union should be conservative in assessing North Africa\u2019s future role in its gas market.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\"><a href=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/what-if-russia-cuts-off-gas-to-europe\/\"><strong>What if Russia cuts off gas to Europe? Three scenarios<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"h-decades-of-expansion\"><span class=\"font-377884\">Decades of expansion\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Gas production in Africa has expanded significantly since 1970: from 0.3 percent of the global output to about 6 percent in 2020 when it reached 231 billion cubic meters (bcm) per year. Two countries have driven that growth: the leader Algeria, which accounts for 35 percent of the continent\u2019s gas production, and Egypt, the second-largest producer with a share of 25 percent. After Nigeria, Algeria ranks second and Egypt third when it comes to proven\u00a0gas reserves\u00a0on the continent.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Consumption is also concentrated in those two countries. Egypt is Africa\u2019s largest gas market, accounting for 38 percent of the continent\u2019s consumption (58 bcm), followed by Algeria with 28 percent (43 bcm). Together, they make up 66 percent of African consumption.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"font-377884\"><em>In Europe, North African gas is more cost-competitive than gas from the United States, Australia, or even West Africa.<\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Despite the considerable domestic market, Algeria continues to be Africa\u2019s largest gas exporter. In 2020, Africa exported 82.5 bcm of gas, or 9 percent of global gas trade, of which nearly half was Algerian exports, mainly to Europe. Europe received 83 percent of African gas exports, not surprisingly given geographical proximity. It makes North African gas more cost-competitive than gas from the United States, Australia, or even West Africa. <\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_159988\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-159988\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/gas-naturale-nord-africa\/oleodotto-photo-by-david-mark-on-pixabay\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-159988\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-159989\" src=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Oleodotto-Photo-by-David-Mark-on-Pixabay-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Oleodotto Photo by David Mark on Pixabay\" width=\"840\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Oleodotto-Photo-by-David-Mark-on-Pixabay-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Oleodotto-Photo-by-David-Mark-on-Pixabay-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Oleodotto-Photo-by-David-Mark-on-Pixabay-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Oleodotto-Photo-by-David-Mark-on-Pixabay-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Oleodotto-Photo-by-David-Mark-on-Pixabay.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-159988\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"font-377884\">Oleoduct Photo by David Mark on Pixabay<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"h-the-exports-web\"><span class=\"font-377884\">The exports web<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">North African gas exports also meet around 7 percent of the European gas consumption (39.5 bcm), with Italy and Spain accounting for the lion\u2019s share and France and Turkey receiving the remainder.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">On the country level, the gas trade follows different paths. Algeria, for instance, exports most of its gas (63.5 percent) via pipeline, the rest through LNG. In both cases, Europe is the primary recipient. Italy and Spain take 98 percent of Algerian pipeline gas exports. Algeria is the biggest gas supplier to Spain, meeting nearly 30 percent of the country\u2019s gas needs. It is also the second-biggest gas supplier to Italy after Russia, providing 21 percent of the country\u2019s needs. In May 2022, Italy and Algeria reached an agreement on higher gas deliveries, which would allow Algeria to overtake Russia as Italy\u2019s leading gas supplier in the next two years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Europe also dominates Algeria\u2019s LNG exports, where 93 percent of LNG cargoes go to the continent, primarily to Turkey, France, Italy and Spain. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Unlike Algeria, Egypt has no pipeline connecting with Europe; Egyptian gas finds its way to Europe via LNG. Another difference with Algeria is that Egypt relies more on the Asian market, which receives 78 percent of its LNG. The single biggest market for Egypt is Pakistan (22 percent of LNG exports), followed by the UK and China (10 percent each). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Then there is Libya, but it is a marginal player in natural gas exports compared to its neighbors, as its potential continues to be hampered by the internal turmoil. The only European recipient of Libyan gas is Italy; it accounts for 6 percent of imports in that market.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\"><a href=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/inflation-causes-and-consequences\/\"><strong>Inflation: Causes and consequences<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"h-not-an-alternative-to-russian-gas\"><span class=\"font-377884\">Not an alternative to Russian gas<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">In the bigger scheme, however, Africa in general and North Africa, in particular, are dwarfed by Russia in most aspects of the natural gas business \u2013 whether in terms of reserves, production or pipeline exports. LNG, however, is the exception, as Russia relies extensively on pipeline trade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">For instance, the entire African continent\u2019s proven gas reserves are equivalent to 34 percent of Russian resources, and North Africa\u2019s reserves equal only 10 percent of Russia\u2019s. The African and North African gas production is 36 percent and 15 percent of Russia\u2019s output, respectively. In 2020, total gas trade between Europe and Russia was nearly 185 bcm, about four and a half fold the trade with North Africa. Only in the LNG trade do the proportions look different: North Africa\u2019s LNG deliveries account for 84 percent of Europe\u2019s imports of the commodity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">North Africa has helped Europe diversify its supplies, which is vital for enhancing the security of supply. However, exports would have to increase significantly to displace more Russian gas, and this is where the outlook becomes less assuring.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_159992\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-159992\" style=\"width: 683px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/gas-naturale-nord-africa\/bambina-pensierosa-photo-by-henrikke-due-on-unsplash\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-159992\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-159993\" src=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Bambina-pensierosa-Photo-by-Henrikke-Due-on-Unsplash-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Bambina pensierosa Photo by Henrikke Due on Unsplash\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Bambina-pensierosa-Photo-by-Henrikke-Due-on-Unsplash-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Bambina-pensierosa-Photo-by-Henrikke-Due-on-Unsplash-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Bambina-pensierosa-Photo-by-Henrikke-Due-on-Unsplash-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Bambina-pensierosa-Photo-by-Henrikke-Due-on-Unsplash-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Bambina-pensierosa-Photo-by-Henrikke-Due-on-Unsplash-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Bambina-pensierosa-Photo-by-Henrikke-Due-on-Unsplash-scaled.jpg 1707w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-159992\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"font-377884\">Thoughtful little girl Photo by Henrikke Due on Unsplash<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"h-mixed-outlook\"><span class=\"font-377884\">Mixed outlook\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">For a country to increase its net exports, production needs to rise faster than its domestic consumption. One of the main challenges limiting North Africa\u2019s export potential is the growth in local demand, which has outpaced production growth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Between 2010 and 2020, gas consumption in Algeria rose yearly by about 7 percent \u2013 a 70 percent overall increase driven chiefly by subsidized domestic gas prices. Over that period, production overall grew (except for 2011 and 2020) but at a modest 0.5 percent yearly. As a result, Algeria\u2019s gas exports peaked in 2003 and have been on a declining trend since.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">The rapid growth in local consumption has affected the country\u2019s gas balance and resulted in the underutilization of its export potential. Even though Algeria has the largest LNG export capacity in the region, it only exported 15 bcm in 2020, out of 34 bcm of available capacity (46 percent utilization rate). Furthermore, Algeria\u2019s gas pipeline export capacity (at 60 bcm, the largest in Africa and roughly half the export capacity of Norway and one-third of Russia\u2019s pipeline export) is also underutilized (43 percent).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">According to Sonatrach, Algeria\u2019s national oil company, Algeria aims to increase its annual gas production to 140 bcm by 2023. That would mean a staggering increase of 76 percent. It is unclear how such an ambitious target can be achieved so quickly. For a long time, Algeria has struggled to attract international capital because of a combination of adverse government policy and legislation, bureaucracy and security. Although the government has enacted some reforms to attract investment, investors continue to suffer from stifling bureaucracy, which causes delays in permitting and approvals, among others.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"font-377884\"><em>Although Egypt\u2019s gas exports also peaked in 2009, its export outlook looks rosier than Algeria\u2019s. <\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">While smaller and more recently discovered gas fields can support current production over the next few years, the longer-term prospect of Algeria\u2019s export capability depends on discoveries, which means more investment is needed today. Algeria may therefore be able to keep up with its local gas demand, and its export potential may increase back to the level of 2018 (around 50 bcm\/year) by the end of 2025, as higher gas prices support such expansion. However, under business as usual, further export expansions should not be expected; on the contrary, a potential decrease may become a reality in the longer term.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Meanwhile, Algeria has constantly featured among the world\u2019s top 10 largest gas flaring nations \u2013 a position it has consistently held over the last 10 years. Reducing this wasteful practice, used in oil extraction, can help boost exports.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\"><a href=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/peak-oil-demand-change-global-market-dynamics\/\"><strong>Peak oil demand will change global market dynamics<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"h-reversal-of-fortune\">Reversal of fortune<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Although Egypt\u2019s gas exports also peaked in 2009, its export outlook looks rosier than that of Algeria. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Like Algeria, fueled by generous subsidies, local natural gas consumption grew rapidly between 2010 and 2020 (more than 33 percent) while gas production shrank over the same period (at -0.9 percent). However, despite being a smaller producer than Algeria and a bigger consumer, Egypt managed to reverse its net export position. At the peak of its gas production in 2009, it exported around 19 bcm per year. But due to the uptake in domestic gas demand and falling production, it became a net gas importer between 2015 and 2018. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"font-377884\"><em>Egypt features a more vibrant international corporate landscape than Algeria, where the national oil company dominates the sector. <\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">The country, however, imposed several rounds of domestic price increases, including on energy (the pressure from the International Monetary Fund as part of its loan program provided the main incentive). The reforms seem to be effective as domestic gas consumption in Egypt has been declining since 2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">The government has also reformed its upstream legislative framework to improve the investment climate in the country. Today, Egypt features a more vibrant international corporate landscape than Algeria, where the national oil company dominates the sector.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">The discovery of the giant Zohr gas field in 2015 and government support to fast-track its development also changed Egypt\u2019s outlook and repositioned it as a net gas exporter. Currently, Egypt is expected to export around 11.5 bcm by 2025. That would represent a 60 percent growth from its 2009 peak export year \u2013 quite an accomplishment for a country that was a major importer only a few years ago.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Furthermore, Egypt holds a central position in the region that will allow it not just to export the projected surplus of gas in the coming couple of years but also to integrate gas from Israel and potentially from Cyprus as it aims to become a regional hub. It has the infrastructure in place to take East Mediterranean gas and reexport it via its established LNG export facilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_159996\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-159996\" style=\"width: 840px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/gas-naturale-nord-africa\/contattori-del-gas-photo-by-robert-linder-on-unsplash\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-159996\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-159997\" src=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Contattori-del-gas-Photo-by-Robert-Linder-on-Unsplash-1024x685.jpg\" alt=\"Contattori del gas Photo by Robert Linder on Unsplash\" width=\"840\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Contattori-del-gas-Photo-by-Robert-Linder-on-Unsplash-1024x685.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Contattori-del-gas-Photo-by-Robert-Linder-on-Unsplash-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Contattori-del-gas-Photo-by-Robert-Linder-on-Unsplash-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Contattori-del-gas-Photo-by-Robert-Linder-on-Unsplash-1536x1028.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Contattori-del-gas-Photo-by-Robert-Linder-on-Unsplash-2048x1371.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Contattori-del-gas-Photo-by-Robert-Linder-on-Unsplash-scaled.jpg 2560w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-159996\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"font-377884\">Gas contactors Photo by Robert Linder on Unsplash<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"font-377884\">Facts &amp; figures<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"h-north-african-gas\"><span class=\"font-377884\" style=\"color: #ff0000;\">North African gas<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"font-377884\">Algeria has the world\u2019s third-largest untapped shale gas potential after Argentina and China, according to the Energy Information Administration (EIA).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"font-377884\">Algeria, Egypt and Nigeria rank 10th-, 14th- and 16th-largest natural gas producers in the world, respectively. Libya ranks 37.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"font-377884\">North Africa holds more than 45% of Africa\u2019s proven gas reserves but only 3% of world proven reserves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"font-377884\">North African gas accounts for around a third of the gas consumed in Italy and Spain.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"font-377884\">Italy and Spain absorb 58%\u00a0\u00a0of Algeria\u2019s total\u00a0\u00a0exports to Europe.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"font-377884\">60% of the North African gas export infrastructure consists of pipelines, mainly integrated with the European markets; the rest are LNG export terminals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"font-377884\">The top 10 flaring countries accounted for 75% of all gas flaring and 50% of global oil production in 2021.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Scenarios<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">On balance, the outlook for North African gas is mixed, especially regarding its\u00a0relevance to Europe. With further reforms aimed at spurring investment in the local sector and boosting production and exports while curtailing growth in domestic demand, the region could expand its role as a gas exporter. If that does not materialize, however, the EU will need to look elsewhere for additional supplies to replace sizable Russian gas purchases.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"name-shortbio\">\n<div class=\"e-name\"><span class=\"font-377884\">Author: <strong>Carole Nakhle<\/strong> founder and CEO of Crystol Energy.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"font-377884\">Source:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"xHe0aojH92\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gisreportsonline.com\/r\/natural-gas\/\">North Africa\u2019s natural gas: No panacea for the EU<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;North Africa\u2019s natural gas: No panacea for the EU&#8221; &#8212; GIS Reports\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gisreportsonline.com\/r\/natural-gas\/embed\/#?secret=5vA5AeE50w#?secret=xHe0aojH92\" data-secret=\"xHe0aojH92\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Algeria, Egypt and Israel can increase their gas shipments to energy-desperate Europe, but they can reduce its dependence on supplies from Russia only so much.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":159985,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2257,256,1698,271,260,210,305],"tags":[1120,1326,405,1300,2176],"class_list":["post-160405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-africa-en","category-economy","category-environment","category-europe","category-highlights","category-magazine","category-politics","tag-africa-en","tag-energy-3","tag-europe","tag-gas","tag-production"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/160405","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=160405"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/160405\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":160410,"href":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/160405\/revisions\/160410"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/159985"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=160405"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=160405"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swissfederalism.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=160405"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}